programming-for-all-sql

Appendix A: SQL Syntax Reference

In this appendix, you’ll find a handy reference guide for SQL syntax, covering the most commonly used statements and constructs in SQL queries.

Data Definition Language (DDL)

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype,
    column2 datatype,
    ...
);

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;

ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;

ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY column_name datatype;

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE table_name;

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

INSERT INTO

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);

UPDATE

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

DELETE FROM

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Data Query Language (DQL)

SELECT

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;

ORDER BY

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1 ASC|DESC, column2 ASC|DESC, ...;

GROUP BY

SELECT column1, COUNT(*)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1;

Data Control Language (DCL)

GRANT

GRANT privilege_name
ON object_name
TO {user_name | PUBLIC | role_name};

REVOKE

REVOKE privilege_name
ON object_name
FROM {user_name | PUBLIC | role_name};

Transaction Control Language (TCL)

COMMIT

COMMIT;

ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK;

SAVEPOINT

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;

RELEASE SAVEPOINT

RELEASE SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;